小组合作学习在英语课堂中对使用互动策略的影响作用:中国学生课堂话语分析(英文)Effects of Cooperative Learning on Interactional Strategy Use in EFL Context:An Analysis of Chinese Students' Classroom Talks
林美笑
LIN Meixiao
摘要(Abstract):
本文是一项探讨小组合作学习在英语课堂中对中国学生使用互动策略的影响作用的实证研究。采用准实验研究方式,实验班在综合英语课每次90分钟授课里开展30分钟的小组合作学习活动,而对照班是以老师为中心的形式开展教学。通过收集实验开始及结束时实验班和对照班所进行小组活动的话语互动信息进行对比研究。结果表明,实验后实验班比对照班在使用互动策略上显得进步更大。虽然对照班比实验班在"详细论述"上进步大些,但实验班使用更多"话轮转换中的接续语",更少"转向说汉语"和"放弃表达信息",小组合作学习后的学生口语互动更流畅。
This paper presents a study that explored the effects of cooperative learning on Chinese students' interactional strategy use in the EFL classroom.A quasi-experimental research design was adopted.The experimental class(EC) participated in cooperative learning for 30minutes in each 90-minute session in an integrated skills course while the control class(CC)had the same course following a teacher-fronted format.Interactional data of EC and CC were collected for comparison from the pre- and post-tasks conducted at the beginning and the end of the experiment respectively.The results show that EC appeared to have made more gains in interactional strategy use than CC after the experiment.Although CC made more progress in elaboration than EC,EC produced more uptakes,used much less Chinese and made fewer message abandonments,suggesting better oral fluency in their interaction as a result of cooperative learning.
关键词(KeyWords):
小组合作学习;互动策略;语言互动
cooperative learning;interactional strategies;interactive practice
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author):
林美笑
LIN Meixiao
参考文献(References):
- Almaguer,I.(2005).Effects of dyad reading instruction on the reading achievement of Hispanic third-grade English language learners.Bilingual Research Journal,29(3),509-526.
- Atkinson,J.M.,&Heritage,J.(Eds.)(1984).Structures of social action:Studies in conversation analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Bejarano,Y.,Levine,T.,Olshtain,E.,&Steiner,J.(1997).The skilled use of interaction strategies:Creating a framework for improved small-group communication interaction in the language classroom.System,25(2),203-214.
- Brown,J.D.(1996).Fluency development.In G.van Troyer(Ed.),JALT'95:Curriculum and evaluation(pp.174-179).Japan Association for Language Teaching.
- Brown,J.D.(2003).Promoting fluency in EFL classrooms.Retrieved from http://jalt.org/pansig/2003/HTML/Brown.htm.
- Crandall,J.(1999).Cooperative language learning and affective factors.In J.Arnold(Ed.),Affect in language learning(pp.226-307).Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
- Ghaith,G.,8c El-Malak,M.A.(2004).Effect of Jigsaw II on literal and higher order EFL reading comprehension.Educational Research and Evaluation,10(2),105-115.
- He,A.P.,8c Xu.M.F.(2003).中国大学生英语口语Small Words的研究[Small words in Chinese EFL learners'spoken English].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,35(6),446-452.
- Jacobs,G.M.(1998).Cooperative learning or just grouping students:The difference makes a difference.In W.A.Renandya&G.M.Jacobs(Eds.),Learners and language learning(pp.172-193).Singapore:SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
- Jacobs,G.M.,8c McCafferty,S.G.(2006).Connections between cooperative learning 8c second language learning and teaching.In S.G.McCafferty,G.M.Jacobs 8c A.C.D.Iddlings(Eds.),Cooperative learning and second language teaching(pp.18-29).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Jacobs,G.M.,Power,M.A.,8c Inn,L.W.(2002).The teacher's sourcebook for cooperative learning.Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications.
- Johnson,K.(1995).Understanding communication in second language classrooms.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Johnson,D.W.,&Johnson,R.T.(1994).Learning together and alone:Cooperative,competitive and individualistic learning(4th Ed.).London:Allyn and Bacon.
- Kagan,S.(1992).Cooperative learning.San Clemente,CA:Kagan Cooperative Learning.
- Kagan,S.(1994).Cooperative Learning.San Clemente,CA:Kagan Publications.
- Kagan,S.(1995).We can talk-Cooperative learning in the elementary ESL classroom.Elementary Education Newsletter,17(2),1-6.
- Kessler,C.(Ed.)(1992).Cooperative language learning:A teacher's resource book.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice Hall.
- Long,M.H.(1983).Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation in the second language classroom.In M.Clarke&J.Handscombe(Eds.),On TESOL'82:Pacific perspectives on language and teaching(pp.207-225).TESOL,Washington,DC.
- Long,M.H.(1996).The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition.In W.C.Ritchie&T.K.Bhatia(Eds.),Handbook of language acquisition:Vol.2.Second language acquisition(pp.413-468).Academic Press,New York.
- Long,M.H.,&Porter,P.(1985).Group work,interlanguage talk and second language acquisition.TESOL Quarterly,19(2),207-228.
- Lyman,F.T.(1992).Think-pair-share,thinktrix,thinklinks,and weird Facts,and interactive system for cooperative thinking.In D.Davidson 8c T.Worsham(Eds.),Enhancing thinking through cooperative learning(pp.169-181).Teachers College Press,New York.
- McCafFerty,S.G.,Jacobs,G.M.,&Iddings,A.C.D.(Eds.)(2006).Cooperative learning and second language teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- McGroarty,M.(1991).What can peers provide?In J.E.Alatis(Ed.),Linguistics and language pedagogy:The state of the art(pp.40-45).Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press.
- Mackey,A.(2007).Interaction as practice.In R.M.Dekeyser(Ed.),Practice in a second language:Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology(pp.85-109).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Magee,V.Y.G.,8c Jacobs,G.M.(2001).Comparing second language student participation under three teaching modes.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association,36(1),61-80.
- Maya,K.D.,&Cheng,K.Y.C.(2003).Teaching spoken language skills through a reading comprehension text.In J.Burton&C.Clennell(Eds.),Interaction and language learning(pp.49-64).Virgin,USA:Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
- Olsen,R.E.,&Kagan,S.(1992).About cooperative learning.In C.Kessler(Ed.),Cooperative language learning:A teachers resource book(pp.1-30).Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice Hall.
- Pica,T,&Doughty,C.(1985a).The role of group work in classroom second language acquisition.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,7,238-248.
- Pica,T,&Doughty,C.(1985b).Input and interaction in the communicative language classroom:a comparison of teacher-fronted and group activities.In S.Gass 8c C.Madden(Eds.),Input in second language acquisition(pp.115-132).Rowley,Mass:Newbury House.
- Richards,J.C,Piatt,J.,8c Weber,H.(1985).Longman dictionary of applied linguistics.London:Longman.
- Rivers,W.M.(Ed.)(1987).Interactive language teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Stenstrom,A.B.(1994).An introduction to spoken interaction.London:Longman.
- Stevens,R.J.(2003).Student team reading and writing:A cooperative learning approach to middle school literacy instruction.Educational Research and Evaluation,9(2),137-160.
- Tarone,E.,Cohen,A.D.,&Dumas,G.(1983).A closer look at some interlanguage terminology:A framework for communication strategies.In C.Faerch&G.Kasper(Eds.),Strategies in interlanguage communication(pp.4-14).London and New York:Longman.
- Verplaetse,L.S.(2000).Mr.Wonderful:portrait of a dialogic teacher.In J.K.Hall&L.S.Verplaetse(Eds.),Second and foreign language learning through classroom interaction(pp.221-240).London:Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Wesche,M.B.(1994).Input and interaction in second language acquisition.In C.Gallaway&B.J.Richards(Eds.),Input and interaction in language acquisition(pp.219-249).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Wong-Fillmore,L.(1985).When does teacher talk work as input?In S.M.Gass&C.G.Madden(Eds.),Input in second language acquisition(pp.17-50).London:Mewbury House.
- Zhen,F.C.(2006).Corpus-based study of Chinese EFL learners'oral communicative ability:Prefabricated chunks,schemata,pragmatic features and strategies in the COLSEC.Unpublished doctoral thesis.Shanghai,China:Shanghai Jiaotong University.