庞萍
Pang Ping Minzu University of China

• 1:中央民族大学外国语学院

摘要(Abstract)：

本文以中国英语学习者笔语语料库( WECCL)和鲁汶英语本族语作文语料库为基本语料,对比研究了中国英语学习者和英语本族语者使用四词词块时在功能和结构上的异同点。研究结果显示中国英语学习者使用的四词词块的数量远远超过英语本族语者,但是其中大部分都是跟作文题目有关的内容性词块,而英语本族语者使用了更多功能性词块。其次,在词块的结构类型上,中国英语学习者使用了更多的"含有主动动词的词块"和"名词+动词型词块",而英语本族语者"名词+介词型词块"用得更多。第三,对词块的使用功能进行的分析显示中国英语学习者对"第三人称复数"这种表态词块使用非常频繁,而英语本族语者更多使用非人称的表态词块。本文最后对一些重要的功能性词块进行了主题性分析并对英语教学提出了几点启示。
The study of recurrent word combinations has attracted the attention of linguists since the beginning of the last century. The present study investigated a special type of frequent word combinations, lexical bundles, which are defined as a sequence of three or more words that co-occur frequently in a particular register (Biber et al. 1999). The aim was to improve the understanding of the structure and function of lexical bundles in argumentative writing by comparing the use of such bundles by native English speakers (as represented in LOCNESS) and non-native English learners (as represented in WECCL) at the university level. The Chinese learners are found to use 4 times as many lexical bundles as the native speakers do, but most of them are topic-related, while the native speakers use more functional bundles. It is also found that structurally the Chinese learners use more "verb phrases with active verbs" and "noun plus verb pattern", while the native speakers use more "noun plus preposition pattern". Thirdly, functional analysis yields that the Chinese learners use a special type of stance bundle, "third person plural", while the native speakers use impersonal stance bundles instead. Finally, some pedagogical implications, as well as suggested future research, are introduced and discussed.

关键词(KeyWords)： 词块;中国英语学习者;英语本族语者;议论文;基于语料库的研究
lexical bundles; Chinese EFL Learners; native English speakers; argumentative writing; corpus-based study

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 庞萍
Pang Ping Minzu University of China

参考文献(References)：

• 1 .BNC world is a corpus containing 100 million words . A detailed introduction can be found at http://www.natcorp.ox.ac .uk/corpus/index.xml ?style=printable
• 2 .For full lists of these bundles ,please contact the author (pangpingbj @yahoo.com) .
• 3 .See the section 4 .2 .1 for further explanation on why I set upthis category.
• 4 . Thesetwolexical bundles are bothlistedinthe“words and expressions”sectioninNew Horizon College English,one of the most popular Englishcourse bookfor collegestudents .This course bookseries were publishedin2001by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press at Beijing,China.
• 7 .For example,New Horizon College English, published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press in2001 .
• 9 .For a full list of vagueness expressions ,please contact the author (pangpingbj @yahoo.com) .
• Altenberg,B.1998 .Onthe phraseology of spoken English:The evidenceif recurrent word-combinations .InPhraseology : Theory , Analysis and Application.Oxford: Clarendon Press .101-122 .
• Biber , D.2006 .University Language : A Corpus-based Study of Spoken and Written Register .Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins Publishing Company.
• Biber , D., Conrad,S.& Cortes , V.2003 .Lexical bundles inspeech and writing: Aninitial taxonomy.InA. Wilson,P.Rayson & T. McEnery (eds .) .Corpus Linguistics bythe Lune .Frankfurt am Main:PeterLang.71-93 .
• Biber , D., Conrad, S. & Cortes , V. 2004 .If you look at :Lexical bundles in university teaching andtextbooks .Applied Linguistics25/3 :371-405 .
• Biber , D.,Johanson, S., Leech G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E.1999 .Longman Grammar of Spoken andWritten English.London:Pearson Education Ltd.
• Cortes , V. 2002 . Lexical bundles in Freshman composition.In R. Reppen, S. Fitzmaurice & D. Biber(eds .) .Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.131-46 .
• Cortes , V.2004 .Lexical bundles in published and student disciplinary writing: Examples fromhistory andbiology.English for Specific Purposes23 :397-423 .
• Cortes , V.2006 . Teaching lexical bundles in the disciplines : An example froma writing intensive historyclass .Linguistic and Education17 :391-406 .
• De Cock,S.1999 . Repetitive phrasal chunkiness and advanced EFL speech and writing.In C. Mair & M.Hundt (eds .) .Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory .Amsterdam-Atlanta :Rodopi .51-68 .
• De Cock,S.2000 . Repetitive phrase chunkiness and advanced EFL speech and writing.In C. Mair & M.Hundt (eds .) .Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory : Papers fromthe Twentieth International Conferenceon English Language Research on Computerized Corpora .Amsterdam:Rodopi .51-68 .
• De Cock,S.,Granger ,S.,Leech,G.& McEnery,T.1998 .Anautomatedapproachtothe phrasicon of EFLlearners .In S. Granger (eds .) .Learner English on Computer.London:Longman.67-79 .
• Firth,J .R.1951 .Modes of Meaning.Indianapolis :Bobbs-Merrill .
• Granger ,S.1998a . The computer learner corpus : A versatile newsource of data for SLA research.In S.Granger (ed.) .Learner English on Computer.London: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.3-18 .
• Granger , S. 1998b. Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: collocations and formulae . InPhraseology : Theory , Analysis and Application.Oxford: Clarendon Press .145-160 .
• Guan, Bo & Zheng, Shutang. 2005 . Recurrent word combination in English essays of Chinese collegestudents .Modern Foreign Languages28/3 :288-296 .
• Huston ,S.& Francis ,G.1999 .Pattern Grammar :A Corpus-Driven Approachtothe Lexical Grammar of English.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Kjell mer , G.1991 . A mint of phrase .In K. Aij mer & B. Altenberg (eds .) .English Corpus Linguistics .London:Longman.111-127 .
• Li , Wenzhong.2007 .The word clusters in China English News Article Corpus .China Foreign Languages4/3 :39-4 .
• Liu, Jing. 2004 . A contrastive analysis of adverbial clauses in native English and Chinese learners interlanguage .Journal of Ocean University of China ( Social Sciences Edition)1 :84-88 ,96 .
• Lorenz , G.1998 .Overstatement inadvancedlearners English:stylistic aspects of adjectiveintensification.InS. Granger (ed.) .Learner English on Computer .London:Longman.53-66 .
• Milton,J .1998 .Exploiting L1 andinterlanguage corpora inthe design of an electronic language learning andproduction environment .In S. Granger (ed.) .Learner English on Computer .London: Longman.186-198 .
• Nattinger ,J .R.& DeCarrico,J .1989 .Lexical phrases ,speech acts andteaching conversation.In K.Aij mer& B. Altenberg (eds .) .English Corpus Linguistics .London:Longman.111-127 .
• Pawley, A. & Syder , F.H. 1983 . Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Nativelike selection and nativelikefluency.In Richards & Schmidt (eds .) .Language and Communication.London:Longman.191-226 .
• Renouf , A.& Sinclair ,J .1991 .Collocational frameworks in English.In K.Aij mer & B.Alterberg (eds .) .English Corpus Linguistics : Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik.London:Longman.128-144 .
• Ringbom, H.1998 . Vocabulary frequencies in advanced learner English: Across-linguistic approach.In S.Granger (ed.) .Learner English on Computer .London:Longman.41-52 .
• Sinclair ,J .1991 .Corpus , Concordance , Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
• Weinert , R. 1995 . The role of formulaic language in second language acquisition: A review.AppliedLinguistics16 :180-205 .
• Wen, Qiufang, Ding, Yanren & Wang, Wenyu 2003 . Features of oral style in English compositions ofadvanced Chinese EFL learners : An exploratory study by contrastive learner corpus analysis .ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research35/4 :268-274 .
• Wen, Qiufang, Wang, Lifei & Liang, Maocheng. 2005 .Spoken and Written English Corpus of ChineseLearners .Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press .
• Wray.A.2002 .Formulaic Language and the Lexicon.New York: Cambridge University Press .
• Wray, A.& Perks , M.R.2000 . The functions of formulaic language : An integrated model .Language&Communications20 :1-28 .
• Yuan, Yaojing.2003 .Atentative analysis of passive sentences in Chinese .In Xing,Fuyi (ed.) .Proceedingsof the International Conference on Passive Representation in Chinese .Wuhan: Central China NormalUniversity Press .